METHODSįluid inclusion homogenization temperatures, major-element chemistry and base metal budgets provide a clear distinction between the pre- to synkinematic fluids associated with mineralization and the postorogenic fluids in largely barren veins. Such veins are typically 40–60 cm wide and often transgress both mineralized argillites and hanging-wall siliciclastic rocks. In contrast, massive quartz veins with lesser carbonate and rare pyrite typically crosscut bedding and the Lufilian cleavage fabrics ( Fig. 1C), implying formation prior to peak orogenic conditions. These <1-cm-wide to ∼25-cm-wide veins form planar or folded and boudinaged arrays ( Fig. Bedding-parallel, quartz-carbonate-sulfide veins are most abundant in the carbonaceous shales of the Nkana South and Central orebodies, and within dolomitic lithologies in the Mindola North open pit ( Fig. Using relationships with the prevailing tectonic fabric, the veins can be subdivided into two end-member generations. The presence of veins spanning pre-orogenic and Lufilian stages at Nkana-Mindola provides an excellent opportunity to assess the compositional evolution of fluids responsible for some of the vein-forming ± associated disseminated mineralizing events in the ZCB. Reconciliation of these fluid chemistries and base metal concentrations with reported alteration assemblages from a majority of Zambian Copperbelt deposits suggests highly evolved, residual brines were critical to the formation of this unique metallogenic province. During basin closure, lower-temperature, halite-undersaturated fluids interacted with evaporites and formed structurally controlled, sodic metasomatism. We propose a model in which high-temperature, sulfate-deficient, metalliferous, potassic residual brines, formed during advanced evaporation of CaCl 2-rich, mid-Neoproterozoic seawater, were responsible for ore formation. Conversely, barren, postkinematic vein quartz contains lower homogenization temperature (∼110–210 ☌) and lower-salinity primary inclusions, characterized by K/Na <0.8 with low metal contents (<10 2 ppm Cu and Co). Primary fluid inclusions, hosted by pre- to synkinematic mineralized quartz veins, are characterized by high homogenization temperatures (∼200–300 ☌) and salinities, with K/Na >0.8 and elevated metal concentrations (10 2 to 10 3 ppm Cu and Co). We find that base metal concentrations vary by one to two orders of magnitude between “barren” and “ore” fluids, with concomitant distinctions in major salt chemistry. Here, we present microthermometric, scanning electron microscopy and laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry analyses of fluid inclusions from the Nkana-Mindola deposits in Zambia. The criticality of these elements in battery technology and electricity transmission establishes them as fundamental components of the carbon-free energy revolution, yet the nature and origin of the hydrothermal fluids responsible for ore formation in the CACB remain controversial. For short game artists.The Central African Copperbelt (CACB) is Earth’s largest repository of sediment-hosted copper and cobalt. For skilled players and firmer conditions.Įxtreme relief from the heel, toe and trailing edge. Allows gentle manipulation of the clubface. Minimal sole grind for fuller shots and lower lofts. Two durable finishes to purely suit your visual preference. WHITE SATIN BRUSH CHROME OR COPPER COBALT Quad Cut Milled and loft specific – cut into Boron infused 1025 mild carbon steel for a longer effective lifespan. Mizuno’s HydroFlow Micro Grooves are laser etched to release moisture and reduce spin drop off. Flowing gently into a more rounded lob wedge – with grinds to suit. Stronger lofts feature a tear-drop straight edge. The S23’s partial heel-cavity and short hosel, centralises the sweet spot, whilst maintaining a players preferred versatile look at address. Weight pushed to the toe delivers a more centred sweet spot, more consistent strike and reliable high-spin numbers. One-piece Grain Flow Forged HD at Mizuno’s iconic facility in Hiroshima Japan – where Mizuno irons have been produced since 1968. Now available at RSGolfshop MIZUNO S-23 WEDGESĬomprehensively engineered for extreme backspin - the S23 combines the precision and playing profile of a player’s bladed wedge with the aggressive performance of a toe-weighted design.
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